Uso de hongos endófitos en la producción del fármaco anti-cáncer Taxol
Resumen
El Taxol es un fármaco empleado en la quimioterapia del cáncer de seno, pulmón, ovario, próstata, hígado y en el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide. El Taxol proviene de árboles de Taxus spp. Se encuentra en bajas concentraciones en la corteza, agujas y raíces. La producción se obtiene por síntesis química total, pero el proceso es muy costoso. La semisíntesis se obtiene a partir de precursores como 10-diacetilbaccatina y baccatina III pero presenta baja producción. Por otro lado, los procesos de cultivo in vitro de callos y células se perfilan como una buena estrategia pero con bajo rendimiento. Por lo tanto, es urgente generar la búsqueda de alternativas para la producción de este fármaco debido a la creciente demanda del Taxol y la escasez del recurso vegetal. La forma más promisoria a gran escala de producción de Taxol es mediante el uso de sistemas de fermentación de hongos in vitro. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar una revisión de la literatura científica actualizada sobre el uso de hongos endófitos en la producción de este compuesto anticancerígeno. Incluye la definición de los taxoides, el mecanismo de acción biológica específica del Taxol sobre las células cancerosas, las enzimas involucradas en la biosíntesis del Taxol, los métodos cuantitativos de detección de Taxol a partir de cultivo de hongos y la alternativa biotecnológica para la producción de Taxol mediante la biodisponibilidad de hongos endófitos de gran importancia biológica a partir de Taxus spp.
Palabras clave: apoptosis, biosíntesis, 10 diacetil baccatina III, taxoides, Taxol fúngico
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