• Inicio
• Acerca de
• Iniciar sesión
• Buscar
• Actual
• Archivos
• Enviar manuscrito

ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

Biotecnología Vegetal Vol. 12, No. 1: 25 - 31, enero - marzo, 2012
ISSN 2074-8647, RNPS: 2154 (Versión electrónica)
ISSN 1609-1841, RNPS: 0397 (Versión impresa)

New explant for somatic embryogenesis induction and plant regeneration from diploid banana (`Calcutta 4', Musa AA)

Nuevo explante para la inducción de embriogénesis somática y propagación de plantas a partir de un banano diploide (`Calcutta 4', Musa AA)

Jorge López Torres^1*, Rafael G. Kosky², Nery Montano Perez¹, Damicela Reinaldo Alvarez¹, Ayme Rayas Cabrera¹, Manuel Cabrera Jova¹, Arletys Santos Pino¹ Victor Medero Vega¹, Milagros Basail Pérez¹ , Nicolas Roux³.

¹Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT).
²Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas (IBP), Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas
³Parc Scientifique Agropolis II 34 397 Montpellier, Cedex 5 _ France.

ABSTRACT

A method has been developed for plant regeneration via embryogenic cell suspensions from diploid cultivar `Calcutta 4´. For callus induction with embryogenic structures, different plant tissues such as scalps from cauliflower-like meristems and meristematic domes of axillary sprouted buds in combination with several culture media were evaluated as explants. The best embryogenic response (8%) was noticed with meristematic domes of axillary sprouted buds in culture medium Murashige and Skoog salts at 50%, MS vitamins, 30 g l^-1 sucrose, 10 mg l^-1 ascorbic acid, 1 mg l^_1 2,4-D, 0.22 mg l^_1 Zeatine and supplemented with 100 mg l^_1 malt extract, 100 mg l^_1 glutamine, 1 mg l^_1 biotin, 200 mg l^_1 casein hydrolysate, 4.0 mg l^_1 proline and solidified with 2.0 g l^_1 Gelrite. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established and the highest increase of cellular biomass with 0.50 ml settled cell volume (SCV) was obtained 18 days after culture initiation. In a RD1 culture medium, embryogenic masses from 1362 to 2480 embryos were formed. An average of 54.5% germinated embryos in Temporal Immersion System (TIS) was obtained. Results were significantly higher in comparison with the use of semisolid culture media (28%). Regenerated plants are in field conditions to value their genetic stability.

Keywords: axillary buds, somatic embryogenesis, Temporal Immersion System.

RESUMEN

Se desarrolló un método para la regeneración de plantas a través de suspensiones de células embriogénicas de cultivar diploide `Calcutta 4' ha sido desarrollado. Para la inducción de callos con estructuras embriogénicas se evaluaron como explantes diferentes tejidos vegetales como, yemas adventicias a partir de meristemos en forma de coliflor y domos meristemáticos axilares de brotes germinados, en combinación con varios medios de cultivo. La mejor respuesta embriogénica (8%) se observó con domos meristemáticos de brotadas de las yemas axilares en medio de cultivo scon ales Murashige y Skoog al 50%, vitaminas MS, sacarosa 30 g l^_1, 10 mg l^_1 de ácido ascórbico, 1 mg l^_1 2,4-D, 0.22 mg l^_1 zeatina y complementado con 100 mg l^_1 de extracto de malta, 100 mg l^_1 de glutamina, 1 mg l^_1 biotina, 200 mg l^_1 caseína hidrolizada, 4.0 mg l^_1 prolina y solidificado con 2.0 g l^_1 Gelrite. Se establecieron suspensiones celulares embriogénicas y el mayor incremento de la biomasa celular con 0. 50 ml de volumen de las células establecidas (SCV) se obtuvo 18 días después del inicio del cultivo. Se formaron masas embriogénicas de 1362 a 2480 embriones en un medio de cultivo RD1. Se obtuvo un promedio de 54.5% embriones germinados en Sistema de Inmersión Temporal (SIT). Los resultados fueron significativamente mayores en comparación con el uso de medio cultivo semisólido (28%). Las plantas regeneradas se encuentran en condiciones de campo para valorar su estabilidad genética.

Palabras clave: embriogénesis somática, Sistemas de Inmersión Temporal, yemas axilares.

Abbreviations: gFW - grams of fresh weight; SCV _ Settled Cell Volume; MS - Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium; BA- 6-benzyaldenine; 2,4-D - 2,4-dichlorophenoxgace acid; IAA - indole-3-acetic acid.

INTRODUCTION

Bananas and plantains are important fruits in tropical and subtropical countries and provide employment, nutrition and food security. They are grown in more than 100 countries (Escalant and Jain, 2004), however, due to the appearance of `Black Sigatoka' disease caused by Mycosfaerella fijiensis, the yields losses are estimated at 33-76% being necessary the development of biotechnological techniques that can supplement the genetic improvement programs.

The integration of genetic engineering into breeding programs may provide powerful tools to overcome these limitations by introducing specific genetic changes that can be utilized for banana improvement within a short period of time. However, these applications require reliable plant regeneration protocols for banana (Khalil et al., 2002; Pérez and Rosell, 2008). On the other hand, the Global Musa Genomics Consortium, uses `Calcutta 4', Musa (AA) as the standard genotype for genomic works and in this respect, it is recommended to develop diploid embryogenic cell suspensions for mutagenesis (INIBAP and IPGRI, 2002) but embryogenic cell suspensions from this genotipe are not available (Strosse et al., 2003; Strosse et al., 2004). For that reason is necessary to develop a protocol that allows the regeneration of plants starting from somatic embryos in this diploid genotype for their use in the search of resistant or tolerant plants to `Black Sigatoka' disease.

The objective of this investigation was to develop a protocol for plant regeneration through embryogenic cell suspensions from cultivar `Calcutta 4'.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant material

Flowering `Calcutta 4' (Musa acuminata AA) plants from the germplasm bank at Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT) were used. Plants were established in vitro according to proceedings described by Vuylsteke (1989).

Callus formation with embryogenic structures

Different tissue cultures were taken as explants from scalps and meristematic domes from axillary sprouted buds as follow:

Scalps

Scalps were excised from cauliflower like meristems cultures, subcultured in P4 culture medium (composed by Murashige and Skoog
(1962) salts (MS) and vitamins, 30 g l^-1 sucrose, 10 mg l^-1 ascorbic acid, 22.5 mg l^-1 BA, 0.18 mg l^-1 IAA and solidified with 2 g l^-1 Gelrite^MT). From 1 to 15 subcultures were carried out until they formed clusters of small, white meristems surrounded by only a few, very small leaves according to a procedure described by Dhed´a et al. (1991) and refined by Schoofs (1997).

Plant materials were cultured in 125 mm test tubes with 10 ml ZZ culture medium volume and incubated during four months in dark at 27 ± 2 ºC.

A study was carried out to determine the effect of subculture number in P4 culture medium on the embryogenic response of 125 explants (scalps) which were incubated for four months in ZZ semisolid medium (Schoofs, 1997).

Meristematic domes from axillary sprouted buds

In order to obtain meristematic domes from axillary sprouted buds, three subcultures from 15 to 18 days each one were developed in multiplication medium constituted by salts and vitamins (MS), 30 g l^-1 sucrose, 10 mg l^-1 ascorbic acid, 2.25 mg l^-1 BA, 0.18 mg l^-1 IAA, 0.4 mg l^-1 ancimydol and solidified with 2 g l^-1 Gelrite (López et al., 2004).

Later, 2-3 mm meristematic domes were excised from recent axillary sprouted buds under a stereoscopic microscope and incubated in different culture media (Table 1) with monthly transfer to fresh media during the first three months. In each culture medium treatment, 125 explants were incubated for four months in the same conditions described for callus induction with embryogenic structures from scalps.

Establishment and multiplication of embryogenic cell suspensions

Embryos in globular stage coming from calli of axillary sprouted buds (0.08-0.1 gFW) were used to establish embryogenic cell suspensions in 10 ml Erlenmeyer flask, in culture medium III (10 ml MS medium reduced to half strength salts concentration, MS vitamins, 30 g l^-1 sucrose, 10 mg l^-1 ascorbic acid, 0.22 mg l^-1 zeatin, 100 mg l^-1 malt extract, 100 mg l^-1 glutamine, 200 mg l^-1 hydrolyzed casein, 1 mg l^-1 biotin and 4 mg l^-1 L-proline (Sigma) (according to results obtained in previous experiments). Explants were put on an orbital shaker, model INFORS (HT) at 90 r.p.m., at 27 ± 2 ºC and a 16 h light regime (62-68 ìmol m^-2s^-1).

After establishing embryogenic cell suspensions for a month, settled cell volume (SCV) was adjusted to 3.0% according to Schoofs (1997) in the same medium in order to determine the growing of embryogenic cell suspensions. Three 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks were used as replicates. The cell volume growth was measured each third day through SCV, according to Schoofs (1997).

Somatic embryo formation

SCV was adjusted to 12% cell density according to Cabrera et al. (2002) for somatic embryo formation. The RD1 culture medium described by Dhed´a et al. (1991) was used and it was composed by half-strength MS salts, MS vitamins, 30 mg l^-1 sucrose, 10 mg l^-1 ascorbic acid without growth regulator, pH 5.7 and solidified with Gelrite (2 g l^-1).

Five Petri dishes were used and four 2 cm² plastic mesh with 200 ml holes were placed on each one to pour 200 ìl cells at 25% SCV. Incubation conditions were at 27 ± 20 ºC under a 16 light regime (62-68 ìmol m^-2 s^-1). After 45 days of culture, the number of somatic embryos formed was evaluated.

A 0.1 gFW embryo was weighted and it was added separately to each Petri dish which contained a mixture of Gelrite-water. Counting was done under stereoscopic microscope.

Germination of somatic embryos

The Temporal Immersion System, type RITA^® of 500 ml capacity and 200 ml culture medium was used for germination of somatic embryos. The medium was MS salts and vitamins, 100 mg l^-1 myo-inositol, 10 mg l^-1 ascorbic acid, 2 mg l^-1 IAA, 0.5 mg l^-1 BA and pH 5.7. Iwas added 0.5 gFW somatic embryos.

The immersion frequency was three times daily, during one minute each, according to Escalant et al. (1994). As control, five 90 mm Petri dishes with 25 ml of culture medium for germination solidified with 2.0 g l^-1 Gelrite (Sigma Co.) were used. Each Petri dish contained 50 somatic embryos.

Incubation was developed at 27 ± 2 ºC under a 16 light regime (40 ìmol m^-2 s^-1). After 45 days, the number of somatic embryos which resulted in entire plants was evaluated.

The experimental statistical analysis was done by Curve expert 1.3 versions 96-97.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Callus formation with embryogenic structures

Scalps

Callus formation with embryogenic structures was characterized in both explant types using scalps from cauliflower-like meristems as starting material in the embryogenic process. A very low formation frequency of calli with embryogenic structures was obtained, 0.8% embryogenic response was noticed with explants from subcultures 14 and 15 on P4 culture medium. Schoofs et al. (1999) stated that high quality cauliflower-like meristems may be obtained from a few days up to more than a year, although, some cultivars (Musa spp.) show a recalcitrant response for developing somatic embryogenesis. According to INIBAB (2003) from January 2001 to December 2002, 1872 scalps from cv. `Calcutta 4´ were incubated for callus formation without any embryogenic response.

Meristematic domes from axillary sprouted buds

When meristematic domes from axillary sprouted buds were used as explants in combination with different culture media, a better embryogenic performance was obtained in comparison with scalps from cauliflower-like meristems.

After four months of incubation, the best culture medium combination (Figure 1) for callus formation with embryogenic structures was constituted by culture medium III (MS salts at 50% and vitamins, 30 g l^-1 sucrose, 10 mg l^-1 ascorbic acid, 1 mg l^-1 2,4-D, 0.22 mg l^-1 zeatine, 100 mg l^-1 malt extract, 100 mg l^-1 glutamine, 1 mg l^-1 biotine, 200 mg l^-1 casein hydrolysate, 4 mg l^-1 L-proline and solidified with 2 g l^-1 Gelrite).

Due to results obtained in this experiment, 2,4-D concentration was not determinant for callus formation with embryogenic structures in a range from 1.11 to 2 mg l^-1, however, embryogenic response was observed when media were enriched by L-proline. Bieberach (1995) used this amino acid to induce callus with embryogenic structures from male inflorescences in banana cv. `Grande naine' (Musa spp. AAA) and these embryogenic structures were increased from 0.25% to 1.75%.

Several studies have shown the influence of some amino acids like L-proline on the development of somatic embryogenesis as rate regulator in the protein synthesis during the morphogenetic process. Torné and Santos (2005) were able to increase the embryogenesis efficiency using L- proline for corn callus culture and they found that callus percentage with embryogenic cluster, in relation to non-embryogenic calli was higher in culture media containg L-proline.

Other authors as Khalil et al. (2002) added proline and casein hydrolysate into the callus formation medium and increased callus proliferation and production of primary somatic embryos, and the embryogenic potential in other banana cultivars may also be increased.

On the other hand, explants selection could be a key factor for determining success or failure in an embryogenesis protocol (Krisshnaraj and Vasil, 1995). In case of somatic embryogenesis in edible bananas and plantains, three main principles have been described and as explants, rhizome sections, leaf bases (Novak et al., 1999), scalps from cauliflor like multibuds (Dhed´a, 1991; Shoofs, 1997) and immature female and male flowers (Escalant et al., 1994) are used. However, the use of meristematic domes from sprouted buds in combination with the culture medium permitted to obtain somatic embryos, similar to those obtained by López et al. (2005) who used this explant type for somatic embryogenesis in plantain (AAB).

Establishment and multiplication of embryogenic cell suspensions

Cell suspensions are characterized by cell aggregates which occupy from 80 to 95% of the suspension and sizes from 80 to 300 ìm.These cells aggregates were constituted by small and spherical embryogenic cells with dense cytoplasmic content, small vacuoles, starch grains and a high nucleus/cytoplasm rate. Similar results had been obtained by De Vries et al. (1988) in the growing of carrot cells and by Dhed'a et al. (1991) in cell suspension cultures of cooking banana cv. `Bluggoe' (Musa spp. ABB group). According to Williams and Maheswaran (1986), previous cell characteristics are considered as an indicative of embyogenic conditions for cell suspensions.

The growth curve to the cell density of 3.0% SCV (Figure 2) showed a phase of well-defined and continuous exponential growth, similar to results
obtained by Barranco (2001) who studied the cell density effect on the multiplication stage of embryogenic cell suspensions in the hybrid `FHIA-18' (AAAB). The highest increment of cell biomass with 1.90 ml SVC was noticed 18 days after culture.

Results have shown that the optimum moment for subculturing cell suspensions can not coincide with the maximum expression of cell density in suspension, neither with the moment in which main energy sources are exhausted. Subcultures must be performed in the last exponential growing stage, and it infers that subcultures have to be developed each 15 days at a cell density of 3.0% SCV.

Somatic embryos formation and germination

After 45 days of inoculating 200 ìl cells at 12.0% SCV in RD1 culture medium, 0.42 gFW embryos were formed and a total of embryos from 1362 to 2480 in a globular stage were obtained. Temporal Immersion Systems showed better performance than semisolid culture media when germination of somatic embryos was studied. As can be observed (Table 2) a significantly higher average (54.51%) of germinated embryos in comparison with semisolid culture media (28%) was obtained.

Similar results on the use of TIS in the germination of somatic embryos in Musa spp. have been reported by Escalant et al. (1994), Bieberach (1995) and Kosky et al. (2002). Later, regenerated embryos were transferred to the acclimatization stage of plants to study the genetic stability of regenerated plants in the field conditions.

The scientific results obtained in this work, permitted to develop somatic embryogenesis in `Calcutta 4' and plant regeneration from embryogenic cell suspensions, all this open great possibilities for genetic improvement of the crop. This research constitutes the first report on plant regeneration via embryogenesis somatic through embryogenic cell suspensions in Musa acuminata `Calcutta 4'.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. Prof. Rony Swennen from KULeuven and Jose de la C. Ventura Martin ViceDirector of INIVIT for their contributions to this work. This work was supported by Part of Coordinated Project Molecular Tools for Quality Improvement in Vegetative Propagated Crops including Banana and Cassava (Research contract no. 13191) by IAEA.

REFERENCES

Barranco, LA (2001) Embriogénesis somática en banano (Musa AAAB, C.V. `FHIA 18') empleando medios de cultivo líquidos. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias Agrícolas. Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas. Universidad Central de Las Villas Marta Abreu. Santa Clara, Cuba; 107 p.

Bieberach, C (1995) Embriogénesis somática y regeneración de plantas en cultivares de Musa spp. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Magister Scientiae. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica; 6p.

Cabrera, M, López J, Kosky RG, Montano N, Reyes M, Reynaldo D (2002) Multiplicación, histodiferenciación y regeneración de suspensiones
celulares embriogénicas en plátano `Navolean' (AAB). Biotecnología Vegetal 2:115-117

De Vries, S, Booij H, Cordewener J, Van Angelen F, De Jong A, Van Kammen A, Lo Schiavo F, Schellekens G, Sterk P, Terzi M (1988) Carrot somatic embryogenesis suspends on the phytohormone-controlled presence of correctly glycosilated extracellular proteins. Genes and Development 2:462-476

Dhed'a, D, Dumortier F, Panis B, Vuylsteke D, De Langhe E (1991) Plant regeneration in cell suspension cultures of the cooking banana cv. `Bluggoe' (Musa spp. ABB group). Fruits 46:125-135

Escalant, JV, Teisson C, Côte FX (1994) Amplified Somatic Embryogenesis from male flowers of triploid Banana and plantain cultivars (Musa sp.). In Vitro Cell Biol. Development 30:181-186

Escalant, JV, Jain SM (2004) Banana improvement with cellular and molecular biology, and induced mutations: Future and perspectives. En: Jain SM, Swennen R (eds). Banana Improvement: Cellular, Molecular Biology and Induced Mutations. pp. 359-367 Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH

Kosky RG, De Feria M, Posada LP, Gilliard T, Bernal FM, Reyes MV, Chávez MM, Quiala EM (2002) Somatic embryogenesis of the banana hybrid cultivar `FHIA 18' (AAAB) in liquid medium and scale-up in a bioreactor. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 68: 21-26

INIBAP, IPGRI (2002) The Global Musa Genomics Consortium. A strategy for the Global Musa Genomics Consortium. Report of a meeting held in Arlington, USA, 17-20 July 2001. Montpellier, France. INIBAP

INIBAP (2003) Networking Banana and Plantain: INIBAB Annual Report 2002. International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, Montpellier, France

Khalil, SM, Cheah KT, Pérez EA Gaskill, DA, Hu JS (2002) Regeneration of banana (Musa spp. AAB cv. Dwarf Brazilian) via secondary somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Report 20:1128_1134

Krishnaraj, S, Vasil IK (1995) Somatic embryogenesis in herbaceous monocots. En: Thorpe TA (ed). In Vitro embryogenesis in plants. pp. 417_ 470 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

López, J, GKosky R, Montano N, Raya A, Cabrera M, Santos A (2004) A new method for establishing embryogenic cell suspensions in plantain (AAB). XVI Reunión Internacional ACORBAT; Oaxaca de Juárez, México

López, J, Montano N, GKosky R, Rayas A, Reinaldo D, Cabrera M (2005) Nueva alternativa para el desarrollo de la embriogénesis somática en plátanos viandas (AAB). Memorias Congreso Internacional Biotecnología y Agricultura (Bioveg 2005). Cabrales G (ed). Centro de Bioplantas. Ciego de Avila, Cuba

Murashige, T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant 15:473-497

Novak, FJ, Afza R, Van Duren M, Perea-Dallos M, Confer BV, Xiolang T (1989) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in suspension cultures of dessert (AA and AAA) and cooking (ABB) bananas (Musa spp.). Biotechnology 46:125-135

Pérez, JH, Rosell PG (2008) Inflorescence proliferation for somatic embryogenesis induction and suspension-derived plant regeneration from banana (Musa AAA, cv. `Dwarf Cavendish') male flowers. Plant Cell Reports 27(6): 965-971

Schoofs, H (1997) The origin of embryogenic cells in Musa. Thesis Ph.D. University Catholic of Leuven, Belgium

Schoofs, H, Panis B, Strosse H, Mayo MA, López J, Roux N, Dolezel J, Swennen R (1999) Bottlenecks in the generation and maintenance of morphogenic
banana cell sus-pensions and plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis therefrom. INFOMUSA 8(2):3-7

Strosse, H, Domergue R, Panis B, Escalant JV, Côte F (2003) Banana and plantain embryogenic cell suspensions. Technical Guidelines 8, INIBAB, Montpellier

Strosse, H, Van den Hauwe I, Panis B (2004) Banana cell and tissue culture - review. En: Jain SM, Swennen R (eds). Banana Improvement: Cellular, Molecular Biology and Induced Mutations. pp. 1-12 Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield

Torné, JM, Santos M (2005) Polyamines and in vitro plant morphogenesis: our contributions. Memorias Congreso Internacional Biotecnología y Agricultura (Bioveg). Cabrales G (ed). Centro de Bioplantas. Ciego de Avila, Cuba

Vuylsteke, DR (1989) Shoot-tip culture for the propagation, conservation and exchange of Musa germplasm, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome

Willians, E, Maheswaran M (1986) Somatic embryogenesis: Factors influencing coordinated behavior of cell as an embryonic group. Annals of Botanic 57:443-462

Recibido: 13-7-2011
Aceptado: 13-10-2011

Jorge López Torres .Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT). Apdo 6, Sto Dgo, Villa Clara, CP 53 000, Cuba. e-mails: jlopez@inivit.co.cu; jlopezbiotec@yahoo.es

Copyright (c) 2016 Biotecnología Vegetal

Biotecnología Vegetal eISSN 2074-8647, RNPS: 2154. ISSN 1609-1841, RNPS: 0397 Editada por: Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas. Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas. Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba CP 54 830 Tel: 53 42200124, e-mail: info@ibp.co.cu

Biotecnología Vegetal está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.