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Metabolismo de cardenólidos y transformación genética de Digitalis. Potencialidades y retos
Resumen
Los cardenólidos son metabolitos secundarios, producidos por las plantas del género Digitalis, que se utilizan ampliamente en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca. El fracaso de los intentos por potenciar su producción a partir de técnicas de cultivo in vitro, ha señalado a la transformación genética como una estrategia promisoria para la obtención de plantas altamente productoras. Para alcanzar este objetivo se han desarrollado sistemas de transformación en Digitalis minor y Digitalis lanata, y existen trabajos científicos relacionados en otras especies del género. La selección de genes candidatos para la transformación de Digitalis requiere del conocimiento de la ruta de biosíntesis de cardenólidos, la cual está solo parcialmente establecida. Sin embargo, el descubrimiento reciente de dos genes que codifican esta actividad enzimática en Digitalis purpurea con patrones de expresión diferentes pone en duda esta aseveración. La flexibilidad de la ruta y sus posibles conexiones con otros procesos de síntesis de hormonas entrañan un reto adicional. Por lo tanto, se hacen necesarios estudios funcionales de estos genes y sus vías de señalización para el diseño de estrategias de transformación que maximicen la producción de cardenólidos con un mínimo de posibles efectos colaterales que pudieran dar al traste con la viabilidad de las plantas transformadas. Esta reseña bibliográfica pretende hacer una revisión acerca del metabolismo de los cardenólidos y los esfuerzos por transformar genéticamente plantas del género Digitalis. Sobre esta base se evalúan críticamente las potencialidades de transgenes candidatos para la obtención de plantas de Digitalis con una producción más elevada y estable de glicósidos cardíacos.
Palabras clave: glicósidos cardíacos, progesterona 5-â reductasa, ingeniería metabólica
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