Identificación y selección de híbridos somáticos obtenidos mediante fusión de protoplastos
Resumen
El poder seleccionar eficientemente las plantas híbridas producidas a partir de fusión de protoplastos es fundamental. Se han logrado muchos avances en el tema en las últimas décadas. Entre los métodos utilizados para la identificación de híbridos somáticos se encuentran la selección por características morfológicas (tipo de crecimiento, tipo de hoja, tallo, flor o fruto, color de la flor o tipo de inflorescencia), la selección mediante micromanipulación (o manual), la citometría de flujo, la complementación, el conteo de cromosomas, la detección por isoenzimas y la utilización de marcadores moleculares, tales como el polimorfismo mediante amplificación al azar o RAPD, la hibridación genómica in situ (GISH), las secuencias repetitivas simples (SSR) o microsatélites, las secuencias intergénicas repetitivas simples (ISSR), los polimorfismos en la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (RFLP) y los polimorfismos en la longitud de los fragmentos amplificados (AFLP). También, el análisis isoenzimático ha sido uno de los métodos de selección más utilizados por muchos años. Aunque las técnicas moleculares basadas en el ADN se han convertido en métodos confiables para la detección de híbridos somáticos, la citometría de flujo ofrece la alternativa más rápida y sensible para la selección de las células híbridas. No obstante, los equipos necesarios para su aplicación son de un precio muy elevado. La aplicación de más de un método de detección temprana de híbridos somáticos permite aumentar la eficiencia en su selección. En esta reseña bibliográfica se describen los métodos más utilizados para la detección de híbridos somáticos y se hace un listado exaustivo, con ejemplos de su utilización a partir de 1974.
Palabras clave: isoenzimas, técnicas moleculares
Referencias
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