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Mejoramiento genético tradicional y empleo de técnicas biotecnológicas en la búsqueda de resistencia frente a los principales patógenos fúngicos de Musa spp.
Resumen
Los bananos y plátanos son componentes importantes de la dieta humana ya sea como alimento cocido o como fruta fresca. Las enfermedades causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) y Mycosphaerella fijiensis han amenazado la desaparición de los mismos. Estos cultivos son difíciles de mejorar genéticamente debido a que son estériles, no producen semillas y la mayoría son partenocárpicos. Sin embargo, el empleo de los cruzamientos genéticos mediante las técnicas de hibridación, han sido alternativas exitosas en los programas de la FHIA y el IITA, los cuales han puesto en manos de productores numerosos híbridos mejorados frente a dichas enfermedades. Por otra parte, la Biotecnología vegetal ha desarrollado un conjunto de técnicas para la micropropagación de Musa spp. que han permitido aumentar la tasa de multiplicación, disponer de material vegetal sano (libre de plagas y enfermedades) y homogéneo, adecuado para realizar la plantación. Las técnicas mutagénicas, el uso de la variación somaclonal, la embriogénesis somática y más recientemente el empleo de técnicas de transformación genética, han permito avanzar y complementarse con el mejoramiento genético clásico de Musa para la búsqueda de genotipos resistentes frente a las principales enfermedades fúngicas. Los sistemas de evaluación en condiciones de campo de la resistencia de genotipos de Musa spp. frente Foc y M. fijiensis han demostrado ser útiles aunque laboriosos. Para aumentar la eficiencia en la selección de genotipos promisorios, se requiere del desarrollo de metodologías de evaluación temprana reproducibles ya sea utilizando el patógeno o sus derivados.
Palabras clave: evaluación y selección, Fusarium oxysporum, Musa improvement, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, programas de hibridación
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