Efecto de la aplicación del H 2 O 2  durante la interacción ‘Grande naine’- Mycosphaerella fijiensis

Milady Mendoza-Rodríguez; Bárbara Ocaña; Mayra Acosta-Suárez; Berkis Roque; Marilín Hernández; Mileidy Cruz-Martín

Artículo original

Biotecnología Vegetal Vol. 17, No. 3: 153 - 159, julio - septiembre, 2017

Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas. UCLV. MES.

eISSN 2074-8647, RNPS: 2154

Effect of H2O2 application during ‘Grande naine’-Mycosphaerella fijiensis interaction

Efecto de la aplicación del H2O2 durante la interacción ‘Grande naine’-Mycosphaerella fijiensis

Milady Mendoza-Rodríguez, Bárbara Ocaña, Mayra Acosta-Suárez, Berkis Roque, Marilín Hernández, Mileidy Cruz-Martín

Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas. Carretera a Camajuaní km 5,5. Santa Clara. Villa Clara. Cuba. CP 54 830.

e-mail: milady@ibp.co.cu

ABSTRACT

In Musa spp. considerable economical lost are cause by Mycosphaerella fijiensis infection around the world, that is why the study of the pathosystem constitute a priority. However, the main mechanisms activated in banana after infection are still unknown and are a limitation for a better understanding of this complex relationship. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) application, on leaves of ‘Grande naine’ plants, on black leaf streak disease development (BLSD). For this purpose, the first three open leaves of banana plants were inoculated with the monoascosporic isolate of M. fijiensis CCIBP-Pf-83. At three days post-inoculation different H2O2 concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 mmol l-1) were sprayed to these plants as well as to non-inoculated ones. During the time course of the experiment for inoculated, sprayed plants and for control plants (infected with M. fijiensis) epidemiological variables as well as the area of necrotic lesions at 49 dpi were measured. The findings of this analysis showed that the early application of H2O2 have influence on the BLSD development.

Keywords: banana, black leaf streak disease, hemibiotrophic, hydrogen peroxide

En Musa spp. la infección con Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet causa considerables pérdidas económicas alrededor del mundo, por lo cual el estudio del patosistema constituye una prioridad. Sin embargo, los principales mecanismos activados en bananos después de la infección aún se desconocen y son una limitante para el mejor entendimiento de esta compleja relación. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2), en hojas de plantas de ‘Grande naine’, en el desarrollo de la enfermedad del rayado negro de la hoja (BLSD). Para este propósito, las tres primeras hojas abiertas de las plantas de banano se inocularon con el aislado monoascospórico de M. fijiensis CCIBP-Pf-83. A los tres días posteriores a la inoculación diferentes concentraciones de H2O2 (10, 20, 30 y 40 mmol l-1) se asperjaron a estas plantas así como a las no-inoculadas. Durante el curso de tiempo del experimento en plantas inoculadas, asperjadas y para las plantas control (infectadas con M. fijiensis) se determinaron variables epifitiológicas así como el área de las lesiones necróticas a los 49 dpi. Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación temprana de H2O2 tiene influencia en el desarrollo de BLSD.

Palabras clave: banano, enfermedad del rayado negro de la hoja, hemibiotrófico, peróxido de hidrógeno

INTRODUCTION

Black leaf streak disease (BLSD) caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet [anamorph: Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton], affects bananas and plantains around the world (Churchill, 2011). In this sense, constitute a priority the search of resistant cultivars as the best choice of disease control. However, to reach this goal the discovering and understanding of the main mechanisms involve in this complex relationship is essential.

In respond to pathogen attack, highly localized biochemical events are rapidly induced like the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the same time, to keep the balance between their production and scavenging, plants possess a number of intracellular antioxidative machinery, to remove ROS and prevent some of the potential toxic effects of them (Mittler, 2017).

Some species like, superoxide (O2.-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are produced during resistance response to biotrophic and the susceptible response to necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens respectively (Eloy et al., 2015; Lehmann et al., 2015; Camejo et al., 2016; Lightfoot et al., 2016). However, among the ROS compounds, H2O2 has been studied the most and has a special significance for a normal plant cell functioning (Petrov and Van Breusegem, 2012). Besides, it has been shown its direct antimicrobial effect and role in the cross-linking of cell walls, the induction of gene expression, signaling, hypersensitive cell death and in the induced systemic acquired resistance (Quan et al., 2008; Barna et al., 2012).

A number of studies have attempted to elucidate the role of H2O2 in different pathogen-host interactions. It has been reported that H2O2 accumulation arrest biotrophic whereas necrotrophic pathogens are favored or even stimulated its production (Horbach et al., 2011; Barna et al., 2012). Conversely, in hemibiotrophic life style there is still not a clear definition about its action mode during the infectious process, which remains elusive (Shetty et al., 2003; Shetty et al., 2007; Shetty et al., 2008). Specifically, in ʻCalcutta 4ʼ-M. fijiensis interaction, the H2O2 is related with the hypersensitivity-like reaction (Cavalcante et al., 2011).

In the M. fijiensis-Musa spp. pathosystem, some studies reveal the role of ROS during the interaction. Specifically, in Musa acuminata L.A. Colla subsp. burmannicoides E.A. cultivar (cv.) ʻCalcutta 4ʼ (Musa AA), the induction of peroxidase (POX) activity and the cellular accumulation of H2O2 have been observed by several authors (Sánchez-García et al., 2009; Sánchez-García et al., 2010; Cavalcante et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2012). In addition, the up-regulation of Pox (Passos et al., 2012; Rodríguez et al., 2016). In this cultivar the early defense response against M. fijiensis seems to be related with the activity of this enzyme.

Based on a previous study made by Oloriz and Ocaña (2014) to determine the influence of H2O2 on in vitro growing of M. fijiensis, we aimed to investigate the causal relationship between the H2O2 application and BLSD development in vivo. To address this question, we manipulate different H2O2 concentrations, which were sprayed to leaves of ‘Grande naine’ plants. Afterwards, some epidemiological variables and the area of necrotic lesions were determined. The new biochemical elements acquired with this study will contribute to a better comprehension of M. acuminata response to fungal infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Establishment of host-pathogen system

Plants from the susceptible M. acuminata subgroup Cavendish cv. ‘Grande naine’ (Musa AAA) were obtained from the in vitro germplasm collection from Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Cuba. The in vitro propagation of them was realized according to the protocol described by Orellana (1994). Rooted plantlets after eight subcultures of multiplication were transferred to plastic pots (1 l capacity) containing humus, compost and zeolite mixture 5:3:2 (v/v) ratios. Plants were acclimatized in the greenhouse until they reached 20 cm tall and at least four active leaves. During the time course of the experiment, a photoperiod of 12 h light/12 h dark with an average temperature of 30 ± 2 °C during the day and a relative humidity of 80 ± 5% was maintained.

The M. fijiensis CCIBP-Pf-83 strain was used to prepare the fungal inoculum according to Portal et al. (2011). The artificial inoculation of banana plants with a mycelial suspension of this fungus was done in agreement with the protocol described by Leiva-Mora et al. (2010). In this way, the first three open leaves of banana plants were inoculated.

Effect of H2O2 application on BLSD progression

At 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) with M. fijiensis inoculated and non-inoculated banana plants were sprayed with different H2O2 concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 mmol l-1) for the abaxial leaf surface. The non-inoculated plants were used to observe any possible toxic effect of H2O2. Banana plants inoculated with the pathogen were considered as control. Each treatment included a group of six plants and it was evaluated every seven days.

During the time course of the experiment, for every treatment including inoculated and sprayed plants and for control plants, some epidemiological variables such as: incubation period (PI) (days), time of symptom evolution (TES) (days) and time of disease development (TDE) (days) as proposed by Leiva-Mora et al. (2010) were determined. Besides, the area of necrotic lesions at 49 dpi following the method described by Leiva-Mora et al. (2015) was measured. For this analysis, lesions in stage three and four of disease development according to the scale described by Alvarado-Capó et al. (2003) were included, considering the feasibility of their measurement.

Statistic processing

Data was processed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows, with previous confirmation of the suppositions of normality and variance heterogeneity, with a p ≤ 0.05. The non-parametric H of Kruskal Wallis and U of Mann-Whitney test was used after the generation of 10 000 samples, with a similar distribution to the real by means of Monte Carlo, with a level of signiﬁcance α = 0.05.

RESULTS

The artificial inoculation of ‘Grande naine’ plants using the mycelial suspension of M. fijiensis (CCIBP-Pf-83 strain), under greenhouse conditions, allowed an adequate development of BLSD symptomatology (Figure 1).

Effect of H2O2 application on BLSD progression

The hemibiotrophic pathogen M. fijiensis was able to complete its life cycle in ‘Grande naine’ leaves sprayed with different H2O2 concentrations. Specially, 30 and 40 mmol l-1 had the main contribution to BLSD progression. It was evidenced by the higher area of necrotic lesions, observed at the time point of evaluation (49 dpi) (Table 1). Besides, during the time course of the experiment in inoculated banana plants with M. fijiensis as well as in non-inoculated ones, there was not any symptom of toxicity in leaves related with the application of different H2O2 concentrations (data not shown).

The incubation period for all treatments was 13 dpi except for 30 mmol l-1 where the first symptoms appeared at 11 dpi. In spite of, 30 and 40 mmol l-1 of H2O2 have the same incidence in disease development. The spraying of the lower concentration to banana leaves produced a reduction of 12 days on the TES and 14 on TDE with respect to the others treatments including control (Table 2). For all assays, the complete development of the disease under greenhouse conditions was reached earlier than informed by Alvarado-Capó et al. (2003).

DISCUSSION

The progression of BLSD on plants of the susceptible cv. ‘Grande naine’ inoculated with M. fijiensis, was in agreement with the protocol described by Leiva-Mora et al. (2010). The feasibility of this procedure allow obtaining a successful development of the disease, in inoculated leaves of plants from the in vitro culture.

The knowledge about the main changes that takes place during M. fijiensis infection as well as, the time and type of response triggered in Musa spp. after its attack, are poorly understood at a biochemical level. In this hemibiotrophic pathosystem, the induction of oxidative stress could be an important defense strategy to protect plants from pathogen infection (Sánchez-García et al., 2010; Cavalcante et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2012). In this sense, to continue working on deciphering the subtle action mechanism involve in ROS metabolism and regulation throughout the infectious process, offer new opportunities for a better understanding of the disease.

In our experimental conditions, the successful progression of BLSD in banana plants, under an aggressive and highly oxidizing environment, showed the survival capacity of M. fijiensis. Previously, Beltrán-García et al. (2009) and Oloriz and Ocaña (2014) observed the adaptation and tolerance of this pathogen to higher concentrations of H2O2. In this sense, some authors refer that plant pathogenic fungi have developed an enormous array of strategies to defend themselves and to infect their host plants (Horbach et al., 2011).

According with the results founded in the present work, with the exogenous application of 30 and 40 mmol l-1 of H2O2 to banana leaves, it seems reasonable their influence in accelerating the BLSD progression. Formerly, Oloriz and Ocaña (2014) under in vitro conditions also obtained the higher growing of M. fijiensis at 30 mmol l-1 of H2O2. Besides, in our time of analysis, the reduction of TES and TDE at this concentration respect to another treatments even control, suggest it as a possible trigger of BLSD.

In the compatible interaction, there is not a clear definition about oxidative stress role throughout the time course of BLSD. Through the long symptomless biotrophic stage of M. fijiensis, low H2O2 level in ‘Grande naine’ leaves is expected. Previously, no early detectable amounts of H2O2 in ‘Grande naine’ (Cavalcante et al., 2011) and ‘Williams’ cv. (Torres et al., 2012) during the same compatible reaction was observed. In this sense, the lack of recognition of the pathogen (Torres et al., 2012) and the activation of the antioxidant systems in the fungus (Beltrán-García et al., 2009) could contribute to this.

In this interaction H2O2 application could be favoring the necrotrophic life style of the pathogen, which have been informed before by several authors in another pathosystems (Shetty et al., 2007; Horbach et al., 2011; Barna et al., 2012). Later on, during M. fijiensis infection it is possible that the pathogen suppresses host response to maintain ROS level. Consequently, H2O2 production by the plant as a defense response plus the exogenous application of 30 and 40 mmol l-1 of H2O2 maybe cannot be neutralize by the cellular antioxidative systems which carry out to accelerate BLSD. In the interaction this molecule could be also acting as a signal for pathogen recognition which was recently reported by Camejo et al. (2016).

Considering the relevance of M. fijiensis-Musa spp. pathosystem as an important threat affecting banana and plantain production around the world, the understanding of biochemical pathways that control intercellular ROS levels constitute a scientific challenge.

Even when some evidences highlight the possible role of H2O2 during the compatible response of Musa spp. to M. fijiensis infection, there is still not a clear understanding about it. ROS production can be harmful to plants as well as pathogens (Barna et al., 2012, Lehmann et al., 2015). Therefore, to maintain a balance between their generation and scavenging is an important aspect to consider for H2O2 role as protective, damaging or signaling factors at the proper site and time (Quan et al., 2008; Oliveira et al., 2014; Camejo et al., 2016; Mittler, 2017).

CONCLUSION

This study showed that H2O2 application contributed to BLSD progression having 30 mmol l-1 the higher incidence in disease development. Taking into account the complexity of ROS metabolism and its relationship with other pathways during plant response to pathogen infection further studies are therefore necessary in M. fijiensis-Musa spp. pathosystem. This is in accordance with, in the interaction many elements related with the fine-tune regulation of ROS are still limited.

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Recibido: 13-02-2017

Aceptado: 08-06-2017

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