Ocultar
Mostrar todos
Fisiología del cultivo in vitro
Resumen
En los procedimientos de cultivo descritos hasta la década de los ochenta, no se hace ninguna referencia al control ambiental en el desarrollo de las plantas in vitro. Sin embargo, las tasas de crecimiento, desarrollo y muchas de las características fisiológicas y morfológicas de las plantas formadas in vitro están influenciadas por el ambiente físico, químico y gaseoso de los recipientes. El incremento de conocimientos acerca del control ambiental del cultivo de tejidos en condiciones estériles, está provocando una evolución de las distintas técnicas empleadas en la micropropagación de plantas. El ambiente in vitro en recipientes con baja tasa de ventilación presenta unas tasas bajas de flujo de materia y energía, con mínimas variaciones de temperatura, elevada humedad relativa y grandes cambios diarios de la concentración de CO2 en el interior de los recipientes. El tipo de recipiente de cultivo (tamaño, forma, material y sistema de cierre) puede condicionar la evolución de la composición gaseosa en su interior durante el período de cultivo. Ante los distintos factores de estrés que tienen que soportar durante las fases de la micropropagación las plantas producidas en recipientes con nulo o escaso intercambio gaseoso, pueden manifestar alteraciones o déficit en cuanto a su estructura anatómica, morfológica y fisiológica. Como consecuencia, estas plantas presentan un fenotipo incapaz de sobrevivir al transplante directo al invernadero o campo. Actualmente se pueden utilizar diferentes métodos para controlar el ambiente en las distintas fases de la micropropagación, ya sean cultivos heterótrofos, mixótrofos o autótrofos. La elección de la mejor estrategia va a depender de varios factores, destacando la especie, el número de transplantes requerido y la relación calidad precio entre otros.
Palabras clave: ambiente in vitro, características fisiológicas, control ambiental, cultivo de tejidos, micropropagación
Referencias
Aitken-Christie, J, Davies H, Kubota H y Kozai T (1990) Benefits of using a microporous membrane in the tissue culture vessel lid for the micropropagation of Pinus radiata. VIIth IAPTC Congress, Amsterdam
Ando, T (1978) Gaseous environment in the airtight culture vessel containing orchids. Abst Annual Autumm Meet. Jap.Soc. 368-369
Blazkova, A, Ullmann J, Josefusova Z, Machackova I y Krekule J (1989) The influence of gaseous phase on growth on plants in vitro - The effect of differents types of stoppers. Acta Hort 251:209-214
Brainerd, K E y Fuchigami L H (1982) Stomatal functioning of in vitro and greenhouse apple leaves in darkness, manitol, ABA, and CO2. J. Exp. Bot. 33:388-392
Bornman, CH y Vogelman TC (1984) Effect of rigidity of gel medium on benzyladenine-induced adventitious bud formation and vitrification in vitro in Picea abies. Physiol. Plant. 61:502-512
Boyer, JS (1989) Water potential and plant metabolism: comments on Dr P.J.Kramer’s article ‘Changing concepts regarding plant water relations’. Plant Cell Environ. 11:565-568
Buddenford-Joosten, JMC y Woltering EJ (1994) Components of the gaseous environment and their effects on plant growth and development in vitro. Plant Growth Reg. 15:1-16
Campbell, GS y Cheftel JC (1985) Diffusivity of sorbic acid in food gels at high and intermediate water activities. En: Simatos D y Multon JL, eds. Properties of water in foods gels in relation and stability. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 343-356
Conner LN y Conner AJ (1984) Comparative water loss from leaves of Solanum laciniatum plants cultured in vitro and in vivo. Plant Sci. Let 36:241-246
Cournac, L, Dimon B, Carrier P, Lohou P y Chavgardieff P
(1991) Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Solanum tuberosum planlets cultured in vitro in different conditions of aearation, sucrose supply and CO2 enrichment. Plant Phisiol. 97:112-117
Cuello, JL, Walker PN y Heuser CW (1992) Controlled in vitro environment for stage II in micropropagation of Chrysanthemum. ASAE, 35:1079-1083
Dantas, KA, Cañal MJ, Centeno ML, Feito I y Fernández B (1997) Endogenous plant growth regulators in carnation tissue cultures under different conditions of ventilation. Plant Growth Regul. 22:169-174
Dantas, KA, Majada JP, Fernández B y Cañal MJ (1999) Mineral nutrition in carnation tissue cultures under different conditions of ventilation. Plant Cell Reports 00:000-000
Davies, H, Hobbs J, Kroese H, Fiedler J y Aitken-Christie J
(1992) Measurement of CO2 concentration in tissue culture
vessels for sugar-free micropropagation and climate change studies. Acta Hort. 319:279-284
Debergh, PC (1983) Effects of agar brand and concentration on the tissue culture medium. Physiol. Plant. 59:270-276
Debergh, PC, Aitken-Christie J, Cohen J, Grout DB, von Arnold S, Zimmerman R y Ziv M (1992) Reconsideration of the term ‘vitrification’ as used in micropropagation. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 30:135-140
Debergh, P, Harbaoui Y, Lemeur R (1981) Mass propagation of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus): Evaluation of different hypothesis to overcome vitrification with special reference to water potential. Physiol. Plant. 52:181-187
Dillen, W y Buysens S (1989) A simple technique to overcome vitrification in Gypsophila paniculata L. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 19:181-188
Feito, I, Rodríguez A, Centeno ML, Sánchez-Tamés R y Fernández B (1994) Effect of the physical nature of the culture medium on the metabolism of benzyladenine and endogenous cytokinins in Actinidia deliciosa tissues culture in vitro. Physiol. Plant. 95:449-453
Feito, I, Rodríguez A, Centeno ML, Sánchez-Tamés R y Fernández B (1995) Effect of applied benzyladenine on endogenous cytokinin content during the early stages of bud development of kiwifruit. Physiol. Plant. 95:241-246
Fujiwara, KT, Kozai y Watanabe I (1987) Fundamental studies on environment in plant tissue cultured Vitis rupestris plantlets. J. Agric. Meteorol. 43: 21-30
Fujiwara, K y Lozai, T (1995) Physical microenvironment and its effects. En: Kurata, K. y Kozai. Transplant Production Systems. pp.319-369 Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht.
Galzy, R y Compan D (1992) Remarks on mixotrophic and autotrophic carbon nutrition of Vitis plantlets cultured in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 31:239-244 pp.
George, EF y Sherrington PD (1984) Plant propagation by tissue culture. Handbook and directory of commercial laboratories. Exegetics Limited, Hants, UK
Ghashghaie, J, Brenckmann F y Saugier B (1991) Effects of agar concentration on water status and growth of rose plants cultured in vitro. Physiol. Plant., 82:73-78
Hakkaart, FA y Versluijs JMA (1983) Some factors affecting glassiness in carnation meristem tip cultures. Neth. J. Plant. Path. 89:47-53
Hayashi, M, Fujita N, Kitaya Y y Kozai T (1992) Effect of sideward lighting on the growth of potato plantlets in vitro. Acta Hort. 319:163-170
Holdgate, DP y Zandvoort EA (1992) Automated micropropagation and the application of a laser beam for cutting. En: Kurata K. y Kozai T, Transplant production systems pp.297-231. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Honjo, T y Takakura T (1987) Effects of CO2 concentration, light intensity and liquid medium composition for the growth of Cymbidium PLB in vitro. J. Agric. Metereol. 43:223-227
Infante, R, Magnanini E y Righetti B (1989) The role of light and CO2 in optimmizing the conditions for shoot proliferation of Actinidia deliciosa in vitro. Physiol. Plant. 77:191-195
Jackson, MB, Abbott AJ Belcher AR y Hall KC (1987) Gas exchange in plant tissue cultures. En: M.B. Jackson, S.H. Mantell and J. Blake. Advances in the chemical manipulation of plant tissue cultures. Proc.Meet.British Plant Growth Regulator Group. London, pp. 57-71
Jackson, MB, Abbott AJ, Belchet AR, Hall KC y Cameron J (1991) Ventilation in plant tissue cultures and effects of poor aeration on ethylene and carbon dioxide accumulation, oxygen depletion and explant development. Ann. Bot. 67:229-237
Kitaya, Y y Kozai T (1995) Visualization and analysis of air current patterns in the plant tissue culture vessel as affected by radiation flux, plantlet size and vessel type. ASAE Paper 957198, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI
Kordan, H (1988) Inorganic ions present in commercial agar. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 183:355-359
Kozai, T, Fujiwara K y Watanabe I (1986) Fundamental studies on environments in plant tissue culture vessels. Effects of stoppers and vessels on gas exchange rates between inside and outside of vessels closed with stoppers. J. Agr. Met. 42:119-127
Kozai, T e Iwanami Y (1988) Effects of CO enrichment and sucrose concentration under high photon fl2uxes on plantlet growth of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) in tissue culture during the preparation stage. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 57:279-288
Kozai, T, Koyama Y y Watanabe C (1988) Multiplication of potato plantlets in vitro with sugar free medium under high photosynthetic photon flux. Acta Hort. 230:121-127
Kozai, T y Sekimoto K (1988) Effects of the number of air exchanges per hour of the closed vessel and the photosynthetic photon flux on the carbon dioxide concentration inside the vessel and the growth of strawberry plantlets in vitro. Environ. Control Biol. 26:21-29
Kozai, T, Takazawa I, Watanabe I y Sugi J (1990) Growth of tobacco seedlings and plantlets in vitro as affected by in vitro environment. Environ. Control Biol. 28:31-39
Kozai, T, Hayashi M y Ochiai M (1991) Effect of the sidewards lighting on the growth and morphogenesis of potato plantlets in vitro. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 60:228-229
Kozai, T, Fujiwara M, Hayashi M y Aitken-Christie J (1992a). The in vitro environment and its control in micropropagation. En: Kurata, K. y Kozai. Transplant Production Systems, pp. 247-282. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht
Kozai, T, Oki H y Fujiwara K (1922b) Photosynthetic characteristics of Cymbidium plantlet in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 22:205-211
Kubota, C, Fujiwara K, Kitaya Y y Kozai T (1997) Recent advances in environment control in micropropagation. En: Goyo, Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems. pp. 153-169 Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht
Labaume, MP, Viemont J-D y Beaujard F (1989) Evolution morphogénetique de la bouture de Rhododendron cultivée in vitro. Influence de la concentration du milieu et de la quantité de gélose. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 136:19-30 (Lettres.Bot.)
Leshem, B (1983) Growth of carnation meristems in vitro. Anatomical structure of abnormal plantlets and the effect of agar concentration in the medium of their formation. Ann. Bot. 52:413-415
Leifert, C, Murphy K P, Lumsden PJ (1995) Mineral and carbohydrate nutrition of plant cell and tissue cultures Crit Rev Plant Sci 14: 83-109
Lim, LY,Hew YC, Wong SC y Hew CS (1992) Effects of light intensity, sugar and CO2 concentrations on growth and mineral uptake of Dendrobium plantlets. J. Hort. Sci. 67:601-611
Majada, JP, Fal MA y Sánchez-Tames R (1997) The effect of ventilation rate on proliferation and hyperhydricity of Dianthus caryophyllus L. In vitro Cell.Dev.Biol. 33: 66-69
Majada, JP, Feito I, Centeno ML, Fernández B y Sánchez-Tamés R (1998) Plant Growth Regulation 25:113-121
Majada, JP, Tadeo F, Fal MA y Sánchez-Tames R (1999) Impact of culture container ventilation on the anatomy and morphology of micropropagated Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Nelken. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. (Aceptada)
Mascarehnas, AF, Khuspe SS, Nadgauda RS, Gupta PK y Khan BM (1989) Biotechnological application of plant tissue culture to forestry in India. En: Dhawan, V. Applications of biotechnology in forestry and horticulture, Plenum Press, pp. 73-86 New York
Moncaleán, P,Cañal MJ, Feito I, Rodríguez A y Fernández B (1999) Cytokinins and mineral nutrition in shoots of Actinidia deliciosa cultured in vitro. J. Plant Physiol. (En prensa)
Morini, S, Fortuna R, Sciutti R y Muelo R (1990) Effect of different light-dark cycles on growth of fruit tree shoots cultured in vitro. Adv. Hort. Sci. 4:163-166
Morini, S, Trinci M y Zacchini M (1991) Effect of different photoperiods on in vitro growth of Mr.S.2/5 plum rootstock.Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 25:141-145
Mosseau, M (1986) CO2 enrichment in vitro. Effect on autotrophic and heterotrophic cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Photosynthesis Res. 8:187-191
Pospisilova, J, Solarova J, Catsky J, Ondrej M y Opatrny Z (1988) The photosynthetic characteristics during the micropropagation of tobacco and potato plants. Photosynthetica 22:205-213
Preece, JE y Sutter EG (1991) Acclimatization of micropropagated plants to the greenhouse and field. En: Debergh, P.C. y Zimmermanm R.H. eds. Micropropagation: technology and application pp. 71-93 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Righetti, B, Magnanini E, Infante R y Pedreri S (1990) Ethylene, ethanol, acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide released by Prunus avium shoot cultures. Physiol. Plant. 78:507-510
Sallanon, H y Coudret A (1990) Water fluxes between in vitro plants and atmosphere in micropropagation. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 310:607-613
Scherer, PA (1988) Standardization of plant micropropagation by usage of a liquid medium with polyurethane foam plugs or a solidified medium with the gellan gum gelrite instead of agar. Acta Hort. 226:107-114
Singha, S, Townsend EC y Oberly GH (1985) Mineral nutrient status of crabapple and pear shoots cultured in vitro on varying concentrations of three commercial agars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:407-411
Sutter, E (1988) Stomatal and cuticular waxes loss from apple, cherry and sweetgum plants after removal from culture. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 113:234-238
Sutter, E y Langhans RW (1979) Epicuticular wax formation on carnation plantlets regenerated from shoot tip culture. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104:493-496
Sutter, E y Langhans RW (1982) Formation of epicuticular wax and its effect of water loss in cabbage plants regenerated from shoot-tip culture. Can. J. Bot. 60:2896-2902
Thomas, DDS y Murashige T (1979) Volatile emission of plant tissue culture. I. Identification of the major components. In Vitro 15:654-658
Tsuji, K, Nagaoka M y Oda M (1992) Promotion of the growth of carrot plantlets in vitro by controlling environmental conditions in culture vessels. Acta Hort. 319:279-302
Walker, PN, Heuser VW y Heinemann PH (1988) micropropagation: studies of gaseous environments. Acta Hort. 230:141-145
Williams, RR (1992) Towards a model of mineral nutrition in vitro.
En: Kurata K. y Kozai, T. eds. Transplant production systems. pp. 213-229. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Williams, RR y Taji AM (1991) Effect of temperature, gel concentration and cytokinins on vitrification of Olearia microdisca (J.M.Black) in vitro shoot cultures. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 26:1-6
Yue, D, Gosselin A y Desjardins Y (1993) Effects of forced ventilation at different relative humidities on growth, photosynthesis and transpiration of geranium plantlets in vitro. Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:249-256.
Zimmerman, RH (1984) Application of tissue culture propagation to woody plants. En: Henke RR, Hughes KW, Constantin MJ y Hollaender A, eds. Tissue Culture in Forestry and Agriculture, Plenum Press, New York, pp:165-177.
Ziv, M (1991) Vitrification: morphological and physiological disorders of in vitro plants. En: Debergh, PC y Zimmermanm RH, eds. Micropropagation: tecnology and application. Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht, pp:45-69.
Ziv, M, Schwarts A y Fleminger D (1987) Malfunctioning stomata in vitreous leaves of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) plants propagated in vitro; implications for hardening. Plant Sci. 52:127-134.
Copyright (c) 2016 Biotecnología Vegetal
Biotecnología Vegetal eISSN 2074-8647, RNPS: 2154. ISSN 1609-1841, RNPS: 0397 Editada por: Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas. Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas. Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba CP 54 830 Tel: 53 42200124, e-mail: info@ibp.co.cu
Biotecnología Vegetal está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.