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Extractos bioactivos de algas marinas como bioestimulantes del crecimiento y la protección de las plantas
Resumen
Los extractos de algas marinas son ampliamente utilizados en la agricultura como bioestimulantes del crecimiento vegetal y constituyen una alternativa ecológica al consumo excesivo de productos agroquímicos sintéticos. Estos productos naturales son mezclas complejas de compuestos bioactivos tales como reguladores del crecimiento vegetal, polisacáridos, fenoles, aminoácidos, esteroles, betaínas, vitaminas, macro y microminerales. Su aplicación en la producción de diferentes cultivos genera un amplio espectro de respuestas positivas en el sistema planta-suelo. Sin embargo, el potencial bioestimulante de estas formulaciones no ha sido aprovechado al máximo debido al reducido conocimiento sobre sus mecanismos de acción en las plantas. Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar las perspectivas de las algas marinas como fuente de extractos bioactivos para la promoción del crecimiento vegetal y la protección de los cultivos. Se describen los principales compuestos con actividad biológica en los extractos de algas marinas y los métodos para su extracción. Además, se analizan los efectos horméticos de estos bioproductos en la germinación de las semillas, el desarrollo radical, el microbioma rizosférico, el rendimiento y calidad de los cultivos, la absorción y asimilación de nutrientes por las plantas, el metabolismo y la fisiología vegetal; así como en la mitigación del estrés abiótico y el manejo de plagas y enfermedades. Por último, se describen los metabolitos predominantes en los extractos de algas cubanas para el desarrollo de nuevos bioproductos con fines agrícolas.
Palabras clave: compuestos bioactivos, crecimiento de plantas, extractos de macroalgas, producción agrícola sostenible, protección de cultivos
Palabras clave
Referencias
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