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Floración in vitro – revisión de literatura
Resumen
La floración in vitro puede ser inducida en diferentes estadios durante el desarrollo de las plantas in vitro mediante variaciones en los factores físicos y químicos relacionados con el cultivo de tejidos. Dentro de los factores físicos, el fotoperíodo y la temperatura son los que se han estudiado con más detalle. Su efecto inductivo puede variar en diferentes especies. Algunos factores físicos también pueden ser sustituidos por estímulos químicos. Los factores químicos que han sido descritos con más frecuencia en la literatura son algunos reguladores de crecimiento y la relación sacarosa/nitrógeno. Las citoquininas pueden inducir el desarrollo floral a partir de varios órganos; no obstante, altas concentraciones pueden inhibir la floración y ocasionar brotación de yemas vegetativas. Las giberelinas y las poliaminas (principalmente espermidina) presentan un efecto positivo en la inducción floral. De forma contrastante, el etileno y las auxinas han mostrado ser poderosos inhibidores de la floración in vitro. Sin embargo, las auxinas parecen ser necesarias durante los primeros estadios del desarrollo floral. Un aumento en la concentración de sacarosa en el medio de cultivo puede favorecer el desarrollo de flores in vitro; mientras que concentraciones altas de nitrógeno pueden estimular el desarrollo vegetativo de los explantes. No obstante, si las concentraciones de nitrógeno son muy bajas, el explante no se desarrolla bien. La presente revisión de literatura tiene como fin discutir los factores más comunes que participan en la inducción de la floración in vitro, así como presentar la literatura científica más relevante en el tema a partir de 1980.
Palabras clave: cultivo de tejidos, inducción floral, inductores, reguladores de crecimiento
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