Potencial de especies de Trichoderma como biofertilizante y control biológico en el cultivo de Oryza sativa L.

Sanjit Debnath, Goutam Chakraborty, Suvendhu S Dutta, Shaon Ray Chaudhury, Panna Das, Ajay Krishna Saha

Resumen


El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es uno de los principales alimentos básicos en todo el mundo, especialmente en Asia, la región más consumidora. El cultivo de arroz en la actualidad enfrenta muchos problemas ambientales causados por el aporte de fertilizantes químicos y plaguicidas. El objetivo de este trabajo de revisión fue documentar los principales hallazgos sobre el empleo de especies de Trichoderma en el cultivo de arroz. Este análisis reveló que diferentes especies de Trichoderma se han aplicado en diferentes campos de investigación sobre plantas de arroz para aumentar la absorción de nutrientes, la fertilidad del suelo, la tolerancia a la salinidad, promoción del crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas con incremento en los rendimientos. Entre los mecanismos se menciona la descomposición, el micoparasitismo, la degradación de celulosa y la actividad solubilizadora de fosfatos. Se demuestra el potencial de actividad antagonista contra hongos causantes de enfermedades y la inhibición del crecimiento de la microflora perjudicial de la raíz. Este trabajo también sugirió que Trichoderma puede aplicarse solo o junto con otros microorganismos para promover significativamente el crecimiento y el rendimiento de las plantas de arroz. Entre las especies, T. harzianum se estudió principalmente para determinar sus diferentes roles en el arroz, seguido de T. asperellum, T. viride, T. virens y T. atroviride. Por lo tanto, los hallazgos revelaron el potencial de las especies de Trichoderma como un posible biofertilizante y control biológico para el cultivo de arroz en todo el mundo.


Palabras clave


arroz; agente de biocontrol; parámetros de crecimiento y rendimiento

Texto completo:

Table S1 (English) HTML PDF

Referencias


Adak A, Prasanna R, Babu S, Bidyarani N, Verma S, Pal M, Shivay YS, Nain L (2016) Micronutrient enrichment mediated by plant microbe interactions and rice cultivation practices. J Plant Nutr 39(9): 1216-1232; doi:10.1080/01904167.2016.1148723

Adesemoye AO, Kloepper JW (2009) Plant-microbes interactions in enhanced fertilizer-use efficiency. Appl Microbiol Biot 85: 1-12; doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2196-0

Alfredo MS, Aleli RP (2011) Biological control of sheath blight of upland rice with Trichoderma species. J Trop Plant Pathol 69: 1-9

Ali H, Nadarajah K (2014) Evaluating the efficacy of Trichoderma spp and Bacillus subtilis as biocontrol agents against Magnaporthe grisea in rice. AJCS 8(9): 1324-1335

Anitha A, Das MA (2011) Activation of rice plant growth against Rhizoctonia solani using Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma and salicylic acid. Research in Biotechnology 2(4): 07-12

Baby UI, Manibhushanrao K (1993) Control of rice sheath blight disease by organic manures. In: Ravikumar R (ed). Proceedings of the fifth Kerala Science Congress, Organized by State Commission on Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Kerala, pp. 158-161. Thiruvananthapuram, India

Balasubramanian N, Priya VT, Shanmugaiah V, Lalithakum D (2014) Effect of improved Trichoderma fusants and their parent strains in control of sheath blight of rice and wilt of tomato. J Plant Dis Protect 121(2): 71-78; doi:10.1007/BF03356494

Banayo NPM, Cruz PCS, Aguilar EA, Badayos RB, Haefele SM (2012) Evaluation of biofertilizers in irrigated rice: effects on grain yield at different fertilizer rates. Agriculture 2: 73-86; doi:10.3390/agriculture2010073

Bishwajit G, Sarker S, Kpoghomou MA, Gao H, Jun L, Yin D, Ghosh S (2013) Self sufficiency in rice and food security: a South Asian perspective. Agric Food Secur 2: 10; doi:10.1186/2048-7010-2-10

Carsolio C, Gutiérrez A, Jiménez B, Van Montagu M, Herrera-Estrella A (1994) Characterization of ech-42, a Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene expressed during mycoparasitism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(23): 10903-10907; doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.10903

Chagas LFB, Chagas Junior AF, Carvalho MR, Miller LO, Colonia BSO (2015) Evaluation of the phosphate solubilization potential of Trichoderma strains (Trichoplus JCO) and effects on rice biomass. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 15(3): 794-804; doi:10.4067/S0718-95162015005000054

Chen Q, Tao S, Bi X, Xu X, Wang L, Li X (2013) Research progress in physiological and molecular biology mechanism of drought resistance in rice. Am J Mol Biol 3: 102-107; doi:10.4236/ajmb.2013.32014

Crosson P (1995) Natural resource and environmental consequences of rice production Los Banos, Manila, Philippines. In: International Rice Research Institute (Ed). Fragile Lives in Fragile Ecosystems, pp. 83-100. International Rice Research Conference, Manila

Cuevas VC (2006) Soil inoculation with Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai enhances yield of rice. Philipp J Sci 135(1): 31-37

Cuevas VC, Sinohin AM, Arro EA JR (2001) Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. as biological control agent of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The Philipp Agricul Scient 84(1): 35-42

Cuevas VC, Sinohin AM, Orajay JI (2005) Performance of selected Philippine species of Trichoderma as biocontrol agent of damping-off pathogens and as growth enhancer of vegetables in farmers’ field. The Philipp Agricul Scient 88(1): 37-45

Cuevas VC, Soriano JM, Bagunu LG, Soniega JA, Alfonso AL (1995) Control of damping-off diseases of vegetables by Trichoderma species. Phil Agr 78: 255-276

Dar MH, de Janvry A, Emerick K, Raitzer D, Sadoulet E (2013) Flood-tolerant rice reduces yield variability and raises expected yield, differentially benefitting socially disadvantaged groups. Sci Rep 3: 3315; doi:10.1038/srep03315

De Santiago A, Quintero JM, Avilés M, Delgado A (2010) Effect of Trichoderma asperellum strain T34 on iron, copper, manganese, and zinc uptake by wheat grown on a calcareous medium. Plant and Soil 342(1-2): 97-104; doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0670-1

Dennis C, Webster J (1971) Antagonistic properties of species-groups of Trichoderma. Trans Br Mycol Soc 57(1): 41-IN4; doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(71)80078-5

Doni F, Zain CRCM, Isahak A, Fathurrahman F, Sulaiman N, Uphoff N, Yusoff WMW (2017) Relationships observed between Trichoderma inoculation and characteristics of rice grown under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) vs. conventional methods of cultivation. Symbiosis 72: 45-59; doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0438-3

Doni F, Anizan I, Che Radziah CMZ, Salman AH, Rodzihan MH, Yusoff WMW (2014b) Enhancement of rice seed germination and vigour by Trichoderma spp. Res J Appl Sci Eng Tech 7(21): 4547-4552; doi:10.19026/rjaset.7.832

Doni F, Anizanb I, Che Radziah CMZ, Yusoffa WMW (2014d) Transpiration rates of rice plants treated with Trichoderma spp. AIP Conf Proc 1614: 566-569; doi:10.1063/1.4895263

Doni F, Isahak A, Zain CRCM, Ariffin SM, Mohamad WNW, Yusoff WMW (2014a) Formulation of Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculants using different carriers for soil treatment in rice seedling growth. Springerplus 3: 532; doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-532

Doni F, Isahak A, Zain CRM, Yusoff WMW (2014c) Physiological and growth response of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) to Trichoderma spp. inoculants. AMB Express 4: 45; doi:10.1186/s13568-014-0045-8

Dordas C, Sioulas C (2008) Safflower yield, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency response to nitrogen fertilization under rainfed conditions. Ind Crops Prod 27: 75-85; doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.020

Druzhinina IS, Kopchinsky AG, Kubicek CP (2006) The first 100 Trichoderma species characterized by molecular data. Mycoscience 47: 55-64; doi:10.1007/S10267-006-0279-7

Felix CR, Noronha EF, Miller RNG (2014) Trichoderma: A Dual Function Fungi and Their Use in the Wine and Beer Industries. In: Gupta VK, Schmoll M, Herrera-Estrella A, Upadhyay RS, Druzhinina I, Tuohy MG (eds). Biotechnology and Biology of Trichoderma, pp. 345-349. Elsevier, Oxford; ISBN: 9780444595768

França SKSD, Cardoso AF, Lustosa DC, Ramos EMLS, Filippi MCCD (2015) Biocontrol of sheath blight by Trichoderma asperellum in tropical lowland rice. Agron Sustain Dev 35(1): 317-324; doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0244-3

Gomathinayagam S, Persaud SA, Rekha M (2012) Comparative study of biological agents, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride for controlling brown spot disease in rice. JBiopest 5: 28-32

Gomathinayagam S, Rekha M, Murugan SS, Jagessar RC (2009) Biological control of rice disease (blast) by using Trichoderma viride in laboratory conditions. Proceedings of the Caribbean Food Crops Society 45: 138-140; doi:10.22004/ag.econ.256340

Harman GE (2000) Myths and Dogmas of biocontrol changes in perceptions derived from research on Trichoderma harzinum T-22. Plant Dis 84(4): 377-393

Harman GE (2006) Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathol 96: 190-194

Harman GE, Hayes CK, Lorito M, Broadway RM, Di Pietro A, Tronsmo A (1993) Chitinolytic enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum, purification of chitibiosidase and endochitinase. Phytopathology 83: 313-318

Harman GE, Howell CR, Viterbo A, Chet I, Lorito M (2004) Trichoderma species opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 43-56; doi:10.1038/nrmicro797

Hermosa R, Viterbo A, Chet I, Monte E (2012) Plant-beneficial effects of Trichoderma and of its genes. Microbiology 158: 17-25; doi:10.1099/mic.0.052274-0

Hoyos-Carvajal L, Orduz S, Bissett J (2009) Growth stimulation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by Trichoderma. Biol Control 51: 409-416; doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.07.018

Huang JZ, Guo EZ, Zhang HL, Shu QY (2014) Workable male sterility systems for hybrid rice: genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and utilization. Rice 7: 1-14; doi:10.1186/s12284-014-0013-6

Jambhulkar PP, Sharma P, Manokaran R, Lakshman DK, Rokadia P, Jambhulkar N (2018) Assessing synergism of combined applications of Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens to control blast and bacterial leaf blight of rice. Eur J Plant Pathol 152: 747-757; doi:10.1007/s10658-018-1519-3

Ji K, Wang Y, Sun W, Lou Q, Mei H, Shen S, Chen H (2012) Drought-responsive mechanisms in rice genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance during reproductive stage. J Plant Physiol 169: 336-344; doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2011.10.010

Jiang X, Geng A, He N, Li Q (2011) New Isolate of Trichoderma viride strain for enhanced cellulolytic enzyme complex production. J Biosci Bioeng 111: 121-127; doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.09.004

Joshi V, Raut SP (2005) Promising bio-agents in management of Fusarium solani causing seedling wilt of cashew hybrid. Annals of Pl Prot Sci 13(1):0-0

Kannahi M, Dhivya S, Senthilkumar R (2016) Biological control on rice false smut disease using Trichoderma species. Int J Pure App Biosci 4(2): 311-316; doi:10.18782/2320-7051.2237

Kapri A, Tewari L (2010) Phosphate solubilization potential and phosphatase activity of rhizospheric Trichoderma spp. Braz J Microbiol 41(3): 787-795; doi:10.1590/S1517-83822010005000031

Khadka RB, Uphoff N (2019) Effects of Trichoderma seedling treatment with System of Rice Intensification management and with conventional management of transplanted rice.PeerJ 7: e5877; doi:10.7717/peerj.5877

Khan AA, Singh R (2015) Influence of zinc on Trichoderma harzianum and sheath blightof rice under glasshouse conditions. Int J Plant Prot 8(2): 303-306; doi:10.15740/HAS/IJPP/8.2/303-306

Khan AA, Sinha AP (2007) Biocontrol potential of Trichoderma species against sheath blight of rice. Indian Phytopath 60(2): 208–213

Khan HI (2018) Appraisal of biofertilizers in rice: to supplement the inorganic chemical fertilizer. Rice Sci 25(6): 357-362; doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2018.10.006

Kumar D, Khilari K, Kumar N, Jain SK (2017a) Integrated Disease Management of rice root knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) through organic amendments, Trichoderma spp. and Carbofuran. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 6(6): 2509-2515

Kumar H, Ahmad S, Zacharia S, Kumar D, Khan A (2016) Growth promotion of transplanted rice plant by fungal and bacterial bioagents effective against brown leaf spot caused by Drechslera oryzae. J Pure Appl Microbio 10(3): 2394-2395

Kumar S, Lal AA, Kumar N, Jaiswal S, Kumar H, Kumar A, Kumar M (2017b) Effect of bio control agents and botanicals against Blast of Paddy caused by Pyricularia oryzae. Int J Chem Stud 5(1): 314-318

Kurrey D, Singh RK, Rajput RS (2018) Effect of Hydrogel and Trichoderma on root growth and water productivity in rice varieties under Rainfed Conditions. Res J Agric Sci 9: 210-212

Lorito M, Woo SL, Harman GE, Monte E (2010) Translational research on Trichoderma: from ’omics to the field. Annu Rev Phytopathol 48: 395-417; doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114314

Man LH, Ha NN, Kon PSTT, Hiraoka H (1999) Integrated nutrient management for a sustainable agriculture at Omon, Vietnam, Japan. Omonrice 7: 96-103

Man LH, Ha NN (2006) Effect of decomposed rice straw at different times on rice yield. Omonrice 14: 58-63

Man LH, Noda T(1997) Trichoderma fungus as biological agent to Rhizoctonia solani and rice straw decomposition, Results on Science Research in CLRRI (1977-1997). Agriculture Publisher, Ho Chi Minh

Martínez-Medina A, Roldán A, Albacete A, Pascual JA (2011) The interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or Trichoderma harzianum alters the shoot hormonal profile in melon plants. Phytochemistry 72: 223-229; doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.008

Mastouri F, Bjorkman T, Harman GE (2010) Seed treatments with Trichoderma harzianum alleviates biotic, abiotic and physiological stresses in germinating seeds and seedlings. Phytopathology 100: 1213-1221; doi:10.1094/PHYTO-03-10-0091

Mathivanan, NN, Prabavathy,VR. Vijayanandraj VR (2005) Application of talc formulations of Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula and Trichoderma viride pers. ex S.F. gray decrease the sheath blight disease and enhance the plant growth and yield in rice. J Phytopathology 153: 697-701; doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01042.x

Mukherjee PK, Horwitz BA, Herrera-Estrella A (2013) Trichoderma research in the genome era. Annu Rev Phytopathol 51: 105-29; doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102353

Naeimi S, Okhovvat SM, Javan-Nikkhah M, Vágvölgyi C, Khosravi V, Kredics L (2010) Biological control of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1A, the causal agent of rice sheath blight with Trichoderma strains. Phytopathol Mediterr 49: 287-300

Nagamani A, Mew TW (1987) Trichoderma in Philippine rice field soils. International Rice Research Newsletter 12(4): 25

Narasimhamurthy HB, Ravindra H, Sehgal M, Ekabote SD, Ganapathi G (2017) Bio-management of rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola). J Entomol Zool Stud 5(4): 1433-1439

Ng LC, Ngadin A, Azhari M, Zahari NA (2015) Potential of Trichoderma spp. as biological control agents against Bakanae Pathogen (Fusarium fujikuroi) in Rice. Asian J Plant Pathol 9(2): 46-58; doi:10.3923/ajppaj.2015.46.58

Nongmaithem N, Roy A, Bhattacharya PM (2017) Potential of Trichoderma spp. on growth promotion and mitigating cadmium uptake in rice plant under the metal stress ecosystem. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6(6): 992-1010; doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.116

Pal R, Biswas MK, Mandal D, Naik BS (2015) Management of sheath blight disease of rice through bio control agents in west central table land zone of Odisha. Int J Adv Res 3(11): 747-753

Pandey V, Ansari MW, Tula S, Yadav S, Sahoo RK, Shukla N, Bains G, Badal S, Chandra S, Gaur AK, Kumar A, Shukla A, Kumar J, Tuteja N (2016) Dose-dependent response of Trichoderma harzianum in improving drought tolerance in rice genotypes. Planta 243: 1251-1264; doi:10.1007/s00425-016-2482-x

Patel LA, Mukhopadhyay S (1997) Mass multiplication of antagonists and standardization of effective dose for management of sheath blight in rice. Eco and Envt Sci 3: 206-209

Person CH (1794) Dispositio methodica fungorum. Neues Magazin für die Botanik 1:81–128

Prasad BN, Kumar MR (2011) Comparative efficacy of different isolates of Trichoderma spp. against Rhizoctonia solani, incitant of sheath blight of rice. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 1(3): 107-111

Rahman M, Ali J, Masood M (2015) Seed priming and Trichoderma application: a method for improving seedling establishment and yield of dry direct seeded Boro (Winter) rice in Bangladesh. Univers J Agric 3(2): 59-67; doi:10.13189/ujar.2015.030205

Rawat L, Singh Y, Shukla N, Kumar J (2012) Seed biopriming with salinity tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum alleviates salt stress in rice: growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics. J Plant Pathol 94(2): 353-365; doi:10.4454/JPP.FA.2012.026

Saba H, Vibhash D, Manisha M, Prashant KS, Farhan H, Tauseef A (2012) Trichoderma – a promising plant growth stimulator and biocontrol agent. Mycosphere 3(4): 524-531; doi:10.5943 /mycosphere/3/4/14

Samuels GJ (1996) Trichoderma: a review of biological systemics of the genus. Mycol Res 100(8): 923-935

Sannathimmappa HG, Gurumurthy BR, Jayadeva HM, Rajanna D, Shivanna MB (2015) Effect of paddy straw based integrated nutrient management practices for sustainable production of rice. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8(1): 74-77

Sarkar D, Mandal R, Roy P, Taradar J, Dasgupta B (2014) Management of brown spot disease of rice by using safer fungicides and some bioagents. The Bioscan 9(1): 437-441

Schuster A, Schmoll M (2010) Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma. Appl Microbiol Biotech 87: 787-799; doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2632-1

Shoresh M, Harman GE (2008) The molecular basis of shoot responses of maize seedlings to Trichoderma harzianum T22 inoculation of the root: a proteomic approach. Plant Physiol 47(4): 2147-2163; doi:10.1104/pp.108.123810

Shukla N, Awasthi RP, Rawat L, Kumar J (2012) Biochemical and physiological responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by Trichoderma harzianum under drought stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 54: 78-88; doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.02.001

Singh A, Sarma BK, Singh HB, Upadhyay RS (2014) Trichoderma. Biotechnology and Biology of Trichoderma 0 (0): 533-542

Singh R, Singh GS (2017) Traditional agriculture: a climate-smart approach for sustainable food production. Energ Ecol Environ 2: 296-316; doi:10.1007/s40974-017-0074-7

Singh R, Singh R, Singh US, Kumar A (2018) Population of Trichoderma harzianum strains in rice rhizospheres at different interval after seed sowing. Int J Chem Stud 6(2): 2829-2831

Singh R, Sinha AP (2009) Biological control of rice sheath blight with antagonistic bacteria. Ann PI Protec Sci 17: 107-110

Son TTN, Thu TTA, Nam NN, Man LH (2013) Influence of rice straw treated by indigenous Trichoderma spp. on soil fertility, rice grain yield and economic efficiency in the Mekong Delta. Omonrice 19: 145-152

Subhalakshmi T, Devi IS (2017) Blast of rice in Manipur and its biocontrol by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma sp. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6(6): 1619-1634; doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.190

Suparno S, Hakim L, Aidawati N (2016) Trichoderma spp. as agent of biological control in local rice diseases in tidal swamp lands in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 9(1): 01-06

Swain H, Adak T, Mukherjee AK, Mukherjee PK, Bhattacharyya P, Behera S, Bagchi TB, Patro R, Shasmitaa, Khandual A, Bag MK, Dangar TK, Lenka S, Jena M (2018) Novel Trichoderma strains isolated from tree barks as potential biocontrol agents and biofertilizers for direct seeded rice. Microbiol Res 214: 83-90; doi:10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.015

Taufik M, Wijayanto T, Gusnawaty HS, Nurmas A, Alam S, Santiaji LO, Sarawa (2016) Improvement of local upland rice utilizing mixture of microbes: resistance, yield and reduction of chemical fertilizer usage. Int J Biosci 9(5): 97-107; doi:10.12692/ijb/9.5.97-107

Vejan P, Abdullah R, Khadiran T, Ismail S, Boyce AN (2016) Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in agricultural sustainability - a review. Molecules 21: 573-590; doi:10.3390/molecules21050573

Verma M, Brar SK, Tyagi RD, Sahai V, Prévost D, Valéro JR, Surampalli RY (2007) Bench-scale fermentation of Trichoderma viride on wastewater sludge: rheology, lytic enzymes and biocontrol activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 41: 764-771; doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.06.013

Woo SL, Ruocco M, Vinale F, Nigro M, Marra R, Lombardi N (2014) Trichoderma-based products and their widespread use in agriculture. Open Mycol J 8:71-126; doi:10.2174/1874437001408010071

Xu XM, Jeffries P, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ (2011) Combined use of biocontrol agents to manage plant diseases in theory and practice. Phytopathology 101: 1024-1031; doi:10.1094/PHYTO-08-10-0216

Yasmeen R, Zamin SS (2017) Physiological responses of crop plants against Trichoderma harzianum in saline environment. Acta Bot Croat 76(2): 154-162; doi:10.1515/botcro-2016-0054

Zaidi MW, Singh M, Kumar S, Sangle UR, Nityanand SR, Sachitanand Prasad, Rameshwar, Singh SS, Singh S, Yadav AK, Singh A, Showkat A, Singh US (2018) Trichoderma harzianum improves the performance of stress tolerant rice varieties in rain fed ecologies of Bihar, India. Field Crop Res 220: 97-104; doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2017.05.003




Copyright (c) 2020 Biotecnología Vegetal

Biotecnología Vegetal eISSN 2074-8647, RNPS: 2154. ISSN 1609-1841, RNPS: 0397 Editada por: Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas. Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas. Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba CP 54 830 Tel: 53 42200124, e-mail: info@ibp.co.cu

Licencia Creative Commons
Biotecnología Vegetal
está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.